Reklamní sdělení
AANET-Vstup do chytrého nakupováhttps://www.aanetdruzstvo.czProdej, zboží, hračky, oděvy, obuv, slevonet, služby, bazar, e-shop, antikvariát, knihy, rozces
W-obojky - výrobky z Paracorduhttps://www.w-obojky.czPouze a jen z kvalitních českých materiálů pro Vás od r. 2016 vyrábíme obojky, vodítka a další.
Veštenie Mágia Odrábanie Láskahttps://vestenie.pageride.comDlhoročná skúsenosť . Odpíšem každému. Ak máme cieľ , spoločne ho dosiahneme
Reported Speech / Indirect Speech
(Nepřímá řeč)
- Gramatický jev, kdy řekneme něco, co bylo již řečeno někým jiným.
- Obsah sdělení parafrázujeme = nepoužíváme doslovné vyjádření původního mluvčího.
- Jedná se vždy o souvětí.
- Věta hlavní = věta uvozovací, např. He says ..., She asks..., They want to know...
- Věta vedlejší = závislá věta obsahová (závislá na větě hlavní + je nositelkou významového obsahu souvětí).
- Typické spojky: that (že), if (zda, jestli), whether (zda)
- Jako spojovací výraz mohou být použita i tázací zájmena: who, what, where, when, why, how.
Nejčastěji používaná slovesa ve větě hlavní:
(podle četnosti výskytu v AJ)
- say, tell, ask
- dále: state, explain, suggest, claim, argue, write, find, agree, admit, announce, answer / reply, complain, confirm, deny, discuss, mention, note, advise, assure, conclude, encourage, insist, observe, persuade, promise, remind, warn
Typy nepřímé řeči:
- Nepřímou řeč rozdělujeme na dva typy, podle toho, v jakém čase je věta hlavní.
1. Věta hlavní je v čase přítomném nebo předpřítomném.
2. Věta hlavní je v čase minulém.
1. Věta hlavní je v čase přítomném nebo předpřítomném.
- Tázací způsob se mění na věty oznamovací.
- Rozkazovací způsob se mění na infinitiv.
- Dochází ke změně v deixi.
- Mění se následující deiktické výrazy (deictic expressions):
1. PERSONAL DEIXIS
a) Personal Pronouns - subject forms
I → he / she
"I love music," says John. → John says that he loves music.
"I love music," says Kate. → Kate says that she loves music.
You → I / we
"You are very clever," says John. → John says that I am very clever.
"You are all so cute," says Kate. → Kate says that we are all so cute.
We → they
"We are so happy," says John. → John says that they are so happy.
b) Personal Pronouns - object forms
Me → him / her
"Paul invited me," says John. → John says that Paul invited him.
"Paul invited me," says Kate. → Kate says that Paul invited her.
You → me / us
"I love you," says John. → John says that he loves me.
"I hate you all," says Kate. → Kate says that she hates us all.
Us → them
"Paul invited us," says John. → John says that Paul invited them.
c) Possessive Pronouns - dependent
My → his / her
"My house is large," says John. → John says that his house is large.
"My house is large," says Kate. → Kate says that her house is large.
Your → my / our
"Your dog is clever," says John. → John says that my dog is clever.
"Your dog is big, guys," says Kate. → Kate says that our dog is big.
Our → their
"Our house is nice," says John. → John says that their house is nice.
d) Possessive Pronouns - independent
Mine → his / hers
"The house is mine," says John. → John says that the house is his.
"The house is mine," says Kate. → Kate says that the house is hers.
Yours → mine / ours
"The pen is yours," says John. → John says that the pen is mine.
"The project is yours, guys," says Kate. → Kate says that the project
is ours.
Ours → theirs
"The car is ours," says John. → John says that the car is theirs.
e) Demonstrative Pronouns
This → that
"This film is interesting," says John. → John says (that) that film
is interesting.
These → those
"These shoes are nice," says Kate. → Kate says that those shoes
are nice.
2. TEMPORAL DEIXIS
Now → then / at that moment
At this moment → at that moment
Today → that day
Yesterday → the day before
Tomorrow → the following day
Last week / year / month ... → the week / year / month before ...
3. SPATIAL DEIXIS
Here → there
This place → that place
! ! ! P O Z O R : Ne vždy dochází ke změnám v deixi.
Záleží na kontextu, situaci a komunikačním
cíli mluvčího.
D A L Š Í Z M Ě N Y
Tázací způsob se mění na věty oznamovací:
"Is Paul happy?" asks John. → John asks if Paul is happy.
"Did Jack come in time?" asks Kate. → Kate asks if Jack came
in time.
Rozkazovací způsob se mění na infinitiv:
"Come here, Paul!" says John. → John tells Paul to come there.
"Give me the money!" says Kate. → Kate tells me to give her
the money.
2. Věta hlavní je v čase minulém nebo předminulém.
- Tázací způsob se mění na věty oznamovací.
- Rozkazovací způsob se mění na infinitiv.
- Rovněž dochází ke změnám v deixi.
- Platí zde stejná pravidla, viz. výše.
- Dochází ke slovesným časovým posunům u gramatických časů, některých slovesných vazeb a některých modálních sloves.
TENSE SHIFTS (časové posuny):
1. Posuny gramatických časů:
Present Simple Tense → Past Simple Tense
Present Continuous Tense → Past Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Simple Tense → Past Perfect Simple Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense → Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Simple Tense → Past Perfect Simple Tense
Past Continuous Tense → Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Simple Tense → Neposouvá se. Proč?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense → Neposouvá se. Proč?
Future Simple Tense → would + bare infinitive
Future Continuous Tense → would + be + full verb-ing
Future Perfect Simple Tense → would + have + past participle
Future Perfect Continuous Tense → would + have + been
+ full verb-ing
2. Posuny modálních sloves:
Must → had to
Will → would
Can → could
May → might
Shall → should
Need → needed
3. Posuny slovesných vazeb:
am / is / are going to → was / were going to
am / is / are about to → was / were about to
am / is / are just about to → was / were just about to
am / is / are out to → was / were out to
am / is / are due to → was / were due to
am / is / are to → was / were to
am / is / are on the point of → was / were on the point of
Příklady slovesných časových posunů:
a) gramatické časy v prostém aspektu
"I am good at English," said John.
→ John said that he was good at English.
"I was there yesterday," said John.
→ John said that he had been there the day before.
"I have never been to the US," said John.
→ John said that he had never been to the US.
"I will help you," John told me.
→ John told me that he would help me.
"I will have done the HW by tomorrow," said John.
→ John said that he would have done the HW
by the following day.
b) gramatické časy v průběhovém aspektu
"I am waiting here," said John.
→ John said that he was waiting there.
"It was raining," said John.
→ John said that it had been raining.
"I have been living here for 2 years," said John.
→ John said that he had been living there
for two years.
"I will be writing the story," said John.
→ John said that he would be writing the story.
"Tomorrow, I will have been living here for 3 years," said John.
→ John said that the following day he would have been living
there for 3 years.
c) modální slovesa
"I must clean my room," said John.
→ John said that he had to clean his room.
"I will do it tomorrow," said Kate.
→ Kate said that she would do it the following day.
"I can help you," said Jack.
→ Jack said that he could help me.
"May I use your phone?" asked Kim.
→ Kim asked if she might use my phone.
"The contract shall be signed today," insisted Jim.
→ Jim insisted that the contract should be signed that day.
"I need to go there now," emphasized Lucy.
→ Lucy emphasized that she needed to go there at that moment.
d) slovesné vazby
- U slovesných vazeb, zmíněných v b.3, dochází k časovému posunu slovesa "be".
- am / is → was
- are → were
např.
"I am going to become a vet," said John.
→ John said that he was going to become a vet.
"We are about to go to the shop," said Kim and Jen.
→ Kim and Jen said that they were about to go to the shop.
Ke slovesným časovým posunům nedochází:
1. Sloveso ve větě uvozovací je v čase přítomném nebo předpřítomném.
He says that he is clever.
He has asked me if I am happy.
2. Obecné pravdy, fakta, přírodní zákony
He said that two plus two is four.
He said that the Amazon Rainforest is the biggest in the world.
He said that the sun rises in the east.
3. Situace je stále aktuální nebo pravdivá
John told me that he goes to the gym next to my house.
4. Budoucí děj, který ještě nenastal
She said that she will call me on Friday.
=aktuální budoucnost
(Pátek ještě nebyl. Víme, že ještě nevolala.)
x
She said that she would call me on Friday.
=budoucnost v minulosti
(Pátek už byl. Nevíme, zda volala.)
5. Minulý čas s přesným časovým určením
Mluvčí A: "I lived here in 2010."
Vy: He said that he lived here in 2010.
6. Bezprostřední zopakování
- Mluvčí něco řekne, vy jste to zachytili, ale někdo další ne.
- Hned mu informaci tlumočíte.
Mluvčí A: "I am hungry."
Mluvčí B: "What did you say?"
Vy: He said that he is hungry.
7. Ověření slyšeného / ujasnění
- Sami se chcete ujistit, že jste dobře slyšeli.
Mluvčí A: "I´ll be there at six."
Vy: Did you say you will be there at six?
8. Neposouvají se následující modální slovesa:
would, could, might, should, ought to
Mluvčí A: "I might help you."
Vy: He said that he might help me.
😁 Troufnete si říci proč?
9. Neposouvá se předminulý čas ve větě vedlejší.
Mluvčí A: "I had hoped to meet her there."
Vy: He said that he had hoped to meet her there.
😁 Troufnete si říci proč?
!!! CH A L L E N G E:
1. Vysvětlete významový rozdíl v následujících větách:
They wrote to me that they would come to see me.
They wrote to me that they will come to see me.
She said that she would call me on Friday.
She said that she will call me on Friday.
We knew that the plane left in September.
We knew that the plane leaves in September.
She told me at that place that she would marry me.
She told me at that place that she will marry me.
She told me at this place that she would marry me.
She told me at this place that she will marry me.
He told me that I am stupid.
He told me that I was stupid.
He told me that I was being stupid.
2. Zkuste přeložit následující věty:
( Tip: Zkuste si nejprve větu napsat v přímé řeči.)
Kdy se tě zeptali, proč nejdeš na tu schůzku, jestliže jsi
dokončil všechny úkoly, která ti matka zadala?
Řekla mi, že jestliže neudělám domácí úkoly než přijde
domů, rozzlobí se na mě.
Kdybych před lety věděl, jak moc se budu muset učit
na zkoušku z dějin Velké Británie, na tu školu bych se
byl nehlásil a dnes bych si nevyčítal, že jsem neposlechl
rady svých zkušenějších přátel.
3. Převeďte přímou řeč na nepřímou dle instrukcí:
"Come home at five!" Jack told Suzan.
"Are you laughing at me?" asked Bill.
"Today, I will go to the cinema," said Jack.
(Nejedná se o aktuální dnešek.)
"Yesterday, I was at this place too," claimed Lucy.
a. (Stojí na stejném místě.):
b. (Stojí na jiném místě.):
"I will help you on Friday," promised Frank.
a. (Pátek ještě nebyl.):
b. (Onen pátek již byl.):
"I must clean my room," said Nancy.
"Everybody must sleep," emphasized Clark.
"I am at school now," says Jill.
"The essay will have been finished by 8," said Nick.
"I will do it today," said Jane.
a. (Dnešek stále trvá.):
b. (Nejedná se o aktuální dnešek.):
"Yes, I lived here," said John.
"I lived here in 2015," said Andy.
"Math is one of my school subjects," said Bill.
a. (Stále do školy chodí.):
b. (Již do školy nechodí.):
"Czech is a Slavic language," said Lucy.